Copper-based alloy

ABSTRACT

Alloy on the basis of copper, zinc, nickel and manganese having properties of resistance to corrosion, notably to inks and gel-inks. The inventive alloy can have a mono-phased alpha structure and a bi-phased alpha-beta structure and is especially suited to the production of tips and reservoirs for writing implements.

REFERENCE DATA

This application is a continuation of International Patent Application2004WO-CH00051 (WO04/083471) filed on Jan. 30, 2004, claiming priorityof Swiss patent application 2003CH-0496 filed on Mar. 21, 2003 andgranted under CH693948, the contents whereof are hereby incorporated.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention concerns a copper-based alloy and its applicationsand more precisely a copper-nickel-zinc alloy intended for use in themanufacture of ballpoint pen components.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

It is known to use copper-based alloys of different composition to formtubular ink guides, ink reservoirs and tips of writing implements.Certain known alloys however have the inconvenience of beingincompatible with the low-viscosity inks used in new generationballpoint pens.

The incompatibility between the alloy and the ink can then reduce theimplement's functional efficiency and comfort of writing. The ink leaksthat may result cause the quality of the writing to deteriorate and, inthe worst cases, stains and smears.

The resistance to gel-inks can be improved by increasing the alloy'scopper content, as for example in alpha brass and in alphacopper-nickel-zinc alloys. This solution has however the inconvenienceof reducing the alloy's heat-deformability. The poor heat-deformabilityof the prior art alloys implies higher production costs.

Another limitation of brass is that its yellow coloration is notappreciated by all consumers.

It is thus an aim of the present invention to propose an alloy andballpoint pen components free from the limitations of the prior art.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to the invention, these aims are achieved by the alloys, thedevices and the methods that are the object of the claims of thecorresponding categories, and for example by an alloy including:

-   -   between 44.1 and 45.6 parts by weight of Cu;    -   between 35.6 and 37.1 parts by weight of Zn;    -   between 11.8 and 12.7 parts by weight of Ni;    -   between 4.6 and 5.4 parts by weight of Mn.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention will be better understood by reading the attachedclaims and the description given by way of example and illustrated bythe attached figures, in which:

FIG. 1 represents a metallographic section of an alloy according to theinvention in a mono-phased alpha structure.

FIG. 1 a represents a micrograph corresponding to FIG. 1.

FIG. 2 represents a metallographic section of a prior artcopper-nickel-zinc alloy in a bi-phased alpha-beta structure.

FIG. 2 a represents a micrograph corresponding to FIG. 2.

FIG. 3 represents a metallographic section of a prior art bi-phasedcopper-nickel-zinc alloy corroded following exposition to ink.

FIG. 3 a represents a micrograph corresponding to FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 represents a diagram of a beta phase ratio of an alloy accordingto the invention according to the hot treatment temperature.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF POSSIBLE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

According to one aspect of the invention, the inventive alloy is acopper-nickel-zinc alloy of white, gray or silver color, having thefollowing composition: TABLE 1 % weight min max Cu 43.00 48.00 Zn 33.0038.00 Ni 10.00 15.00 Mn 3.50 6.50 Pb 0.00 4.00

This alloy has the characteristic of having two types of microstructuresthat can be controlled by hot treatment. The first, i.e. the mono-phasedalpha structure, is essentially composed of a single crystalline phaseof uniform structure. FIG. 1 represents a microphotography of ametallographic section of the alloy according to the invention, showingthe alpha structure. It will be observed that the alloy is composedessentially of a uniform solid solution of its components 10, apart fromthe black lead particles 82.

The inventive alloy can also have the bi-phased alpha-beta structure.This structure, represented in FIG. 2, has grains of a second phase 20,i.e. the beta phase, having a lower copper content than that of thealpha phase and which can be distinguished in FIG. 2 by their darkercolor.

The different structures of the inventive alloy are adapted to specificforming and machining processes. In particular, the bi-phased alpha-betastructure is favorable to heat-deformation, whilst the mono-phased alphastructure is favorable to cold-deformation.

The adjunction of lead in the alloy makes the machining operationseasier, for example slicing. It would however also be possible to omitthe lead, or to reduce its content, if this property is not required.

The inventive alloy can thus appear in both the mono-phased alphastructure and the bi-phased alpha-beta structure. It is however possibleto control the structure by a hot treatment between 570° C. and 780° C.during 1-3 hours, followed by a fast cooling to ambient temperature.Following this treatment, the alloy's structure is essentially alpha.

The invention also includes alloys to which, besides the elements havingthe nature and proportions as defined by the table 1 here above, areadded low quantities of other elements, metallic or not, such asmagnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), phosphorus (P) or any otherchemical element or species.

In a second example of alloy according to the invention, the alloy'scomposition is determined, except for unavoidable impurities, by thetable 2 here after: TABLE 2 % weight min max Cu 44.10 45.60 Zn 35.6037.10 Ni 11.80 12.70 Mn 4.60 5.40 Pb 1.35 1.85

FIG. 4 represents the beta phase ratio according to the hot treatmenttemperature. The choice of the temperature of the hot treatment allowsthe ratio of the beta phase to be modified and, consequently, to obtainmaterials having different properties. In particular, hot treatment inthe TT temperature range at temperatures included between 630° C. and720° C. gives rise to a mono-phased alpha structure. The temperaturerange E is favorable to extrusion.

The diagram of FIG. 4 is specific to the alloy composition specified intable 2. According to another aspect of the invention, it would also bepossible to adopt different proportions of Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Pb andobtain an alloy whose ratios of alpha and beta phases can be modified byhot treatment. In particular, the proportion of each of the alloy'scomponents can be varied independently within the value range indicatedin table 1 or beyond. The temperatures required for modifying thestructure of the obtained alloy will then be different.

The inventive alloy has increased resistance to corrosion due togel-inks when it is in the mono-phased alpha structure. The beta phaseis in fact the only one that is dissolved by gel-inks. FIG. 3 representsa metallographic section of an alpha-beta copper-nickel-zinc alloycorroded by the chemical reaction with the ink. It can be observed thatonly the beta phase is attacked and that its dissolution leaves cavities25.

Although the alloy of the invention described here above is particularlysuited to making tips of writing implements, and in particular ofballpoint pens, the present invention is not limited to this specificuse but also includes any other use of the inventive alloy.

According to another aspect of the invention, the alloy having thecomposition here above is first cast in small rods or bars or in anyother shape adapted to heat-deformation.

Contrary to alpha copper-nickel-zinc alloys, the inventive alloy offersexcellent deformability at high temperature. All the usualheat-deformation processes are possible. Typically, the small rods areheat-extruded at a temperature included between 720° C. and 870° C., atemperature at which its structure is bi-phased alpha-beta. The wiresthus obtained are then hot treated between 630° C. and 720° C., asexplained here above, to obtain the mono-phased alpha structure.

As the mono-phased alpha structure is suited to cold deformation, theextruded material is then drawn to obtain bars or wires of suitablediameter to form the tubes of ink guides, ink reservoirs or tips forwriting implements.

The material thus obtained can easily be shaped by cold-working andmachining, for example by embossing, machining, crimping, lathe turning,milling or any other process.

The mechanical characteristics of the inventive alloy treated asdescribed here above depend on its level of cold working according tothe following table: TABLE 3 Mechanical State resistance [MPa] Breakingelongation [%] After hot treatment 450-600 25-50 20% reduction rate600-800 10-30 After hot treatment 40% reduction rate  800-1100  1-20After hot treatment

The mechanical resistance and breaking elongation in the above tablehave been determined according to the standardized method EN10002-1.

1. Alloy including: between 43 and 48 parts by weight of Cu; between 33and 38 parts by weight of Zn; between 10 and 15 parts by weight of Ni;between 3.5 and 6.5 parts by weight of Mn; between 0 and 4 parts byweight of Pb; the alloy having a mono-phased alpha structure and abi-phased alpha-beta structure, wherein the ratio of the beta phase ofsaid bi-phased alpha-beta structure is dependent on the temperature andcan be modified and/or essentially cancelled by a hot treatment.
 2. Thealloy of claim 1, including: between 44.1 and 45.6 parts by weight ofCu; between 35.6 and 37.1 parts by weight of Zn; between 11.8 and 12.7parts by weight of Ni; between 4.6 and 5.4 parts by weight of Mn.
 3. Thealloy of claim 1, including between 1.25 and 1.85 parts by weight of Pb.4. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the temperature of said hot treatmentis included between 570° C. and 780° C.
 5. The alloy of claim 1, whereinthe temperature of said hot treatment is included between 630° C. and720° C.
 6. The alloy of claim 1, wherein the mechanical resistance aftersaid hot treatment is included between 450 and 60 MPa and the breakingelongation after said hot treatment is included between 25% and 50%. 7.The alloy of claim 1, essentially resistant to inks and to low-viscosityinks.
 8. Writing implement, including an alloy according to claim
 1. 9.Writing implement including an ink reservoir and/or a writing tipincluding an alloy according to claim
 1. 10. Method of using an alloyincluding: between 43 and 48 parts by weight of Cu; between 33 and 38parts by weight of Zn; between 10 and 15 parts by weight of Ni; between3.5 and 6.5 parts by weight of Mn; between 0 and 4 parts by weight ofPb; the alloy having a mono-phased alpha structure and a bi-phasedalpha-beta structure, the method including one or several steps of hottreatment for modifying the ratio of the beta phase of said bi-phasedalpha-beta structure.
 11. The method of the preceding claim, wherein theratio of the beta phase of said bi-phased alpha-beta structure isessentially cancelled by the hot treatment.
 12. The method of claim 10,also including: a step of casting the melted alloy; possibly one orseveral steps of heat-deformation; one or several steps ofcold-deformation.
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the temperature ofsaid hot treatment is included between 570° C. and 780° C.
 14. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the temperature of said hot treatment isincluded between 630° C. and 720° C.
 15. The method of claim 12, whereinthe temperature of said heat deformation is included between 720° C. and870° C.
 16. Alloy resulting from the method of claim 10.